Learn the origin, types, and uses of vanilla extract, the essential ingredient for baking. Plus, get inspired by delicious recipes from Bon Appétit.6. Pure Maple Syrup. Like almond extract, maple syrup is not going to lend a true vanilla flavor. Pure maple syrup has a warm and rich flavor though that is a lovely alternative for many vanilla-based desserts. For …Jan 26, 2022 · Beaver castoreum (the goo-like vanilla-scented secretion that comes from beavers’ castor sacs, located, yes, in close proximity to their anal glands) has been used as a food additive for much of the last century. It’s recognized as safe by the FDA and could, in theory, sneak onto ingredients lists under the label of “ natural flavorings. Vanilla extract is a solution made by macerating and percolating vanilla pods in a solution of ethanol and water. It is considered an essential ingredient in many Western desserts, especially baked goods like cakes, cookies, brownies, and cupcakes, as well as custards, ice creams, and puddings. [1] Although its primary flavor compound is ... Preheat oven to 350°F (176°C) and prepare a cupcake pan with liners. 2. Add the flour, sugar, baking powder and salt to a large mixer bowl and combine. Set aside. 3. Add the milk, vegetable oil, vanilla extract and eggs to …Set this aside to cool slightly. While that rests, whisk the egg whites, sugar, cream of tartar and salt in a heatproof bowl until well blended. Then place the bowl over a saucepan of simmering water on medium heat. Whisk the mixture constantly until a thermometer reads 160ºF.Here’s how to make vanilla extract at home: You’ll need: 6 vanilla beans, any type. 2 cups of vodka (pictured below), or other alcohol of your choice. A tall jar with a seal, freshly cleaned and dried. Step 1: Split the Beans. Using a sharp knife, slice down the middle of the vanilla bean. This will open up the harder exterior, revealing an ...In 2017, after a cyclone decimated farms in the mountains of northeast Madagascar, where around 80 percent of the world’s natural vanilla is grown, the price of beans leaped to more than $600 ...To find the best vanilla extract out there, our Test Kitchen grabbed eight of the most popular and raved-about vanilla brands. All these options are pure vanilla extract, not vanilla flavoring.Our Test Kitchen experts tested the extract right out of the bottle and in a basic frosting recipe to get a feel for how it performed in recipes.Jul 1, 2021 · At its most basic sense, Vanilla flavor comes from the vanilla bean. While that answer might sound sarcastic, it actually isn’t: by and large, the flavor that we understand to be ‘vanilla’ comes from the plant that it’s derived from. But here’s where it gets tricky: vanilla is used in such a wide variety of foods that vanilla flavor ... Vanilla is a plant. The bean (fruit) is commonly used for flavoring, but it is also used to make medicine. Because vanilla extract can be expensive, lab-produced vanillin is usually used as a ... Dec 9, 2022 · Pure vanilla extract captures the full complexity, while imitation vanilla is largely just a big hit of pure vanillin. When you heat either product, as we do during baking, we drive off lots of volatile aromas. That’s why the kitchen smells great when you bake these cookies. But during that process, we largely lose the nuance of the real deal. Basilios1/Getty Images. While French vanilla ice cream revels in its richness, classic vanilla ice cream maintains a simpler, lighter flavor profile. It typically uses a cream base rather than egg ...Try these two methods at home for spreading this expensive ingredient as far as possible: Make homemade vanilla extract using leftover vanilla beans. In an airtight jar, add three to four used beans, water and alcohol using a ratio of 2/3 alcohol to 1/3 water. A neutral spirit is ideal, but you can use rum, vodka, bourbon or any type you’d like.Disney was the first to serve it but for a limited time. Now, the vanilla-flavored Star Wars TruMoo blue milk will be available in the dairy aisles at grocers, including …Vanilla also comes in a variety of forms - not just a liquid extract. So if you have vanilla powder or paste or beans on hand, they can also easily be substituted for the extract called for in ...Best Overall Vanilla Ice Cream. Value: 18/20; Flavor: 20/20; Quality: 20/20; Texture: 20/20; Scoopability: 18/20; Total: 96/100; Let’s just say that given the chance, we would order a scoop of this vanilla ice cream and never look back. It has a noticeable (but not overpowering) vanilla flavor, notes of honey and a hint of salt to keep it ...Aug 28, 2023 · In a medium saucepan, whisk granulated sugar, cornstarch, and a tiny pinch of salt (before putting it on the stove). Add egg yolks, milk, and cream. Whisk to combine. Heat the egg mixture over medium-low heat while whisking, until it begins to boil. This will take about 15 minutes. Vanniall is an award winning content creator, performer and cat lady living in NYC. See her on HOT HAUS by OUT TV! Home. Videos. Playlists. Community. Videos. 2:01. VANNIALL - SLUT POP. 8K... Remove from heat and add 1 tablespoon unsalted butter until smooth. If you want a thicker custard, do not use the butter. If your custard does develop foam or any streaky eggs, pour through a mesh sieve or colander to skim out any large bits. Transfer to Serving Vessels.Scientists have figured out a way to convert plastic waste into vanilla flavoring with genetically engineered bacteria, according to a new study. Vanillin, the compound that carries most of the ...Set this aside to cool slightly. While that rests, whisk the egg whites, sugar, cream of tartar and salt in a heatproof bowl until well blended. Then place the bowl over a saucepan of simmering water on medium heat. Whisk the mixture constantly until a thermometer reads 160ºF.Oct 6, 2023 · 11. Singing Dog Vanilla. Good Eggs. Singing Dog Vanilla offers a range of vanilla products including extracts, lip balms, pods, pastes, and syrups. A 4-ounce container of its pure organic extract ... It's a myth that artificial vanilla flavoring comes from castoreum extracted from beaver castor sacs. Flavor chemists explain that artificial vanilla flavor is made from synthetic vanillin ...Roll cookies in the vanilla sugar. Use in ice creams, sauces, custards and whipped cream. Sprinkle vanilla sugar on top of bread or pies before baking for a sweet vanilla -flavored topping. Make a simple vanilla syrup by dissolving vanilla sugar in water to create a syrup to sweeten drinks or drizzle over desserts.This is a delicious blend of plain tea, wonderful vanilla, and spices to create the perfect mug for late night, morning, or really any time of day at all! Submitted by ChefChef. Updated on September 16, 2022. Save. Rate. Print Share. Trending Videos. Close this video player. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. Prep Time: 5 mins. Total Time: 5 mins. Servings: 1 .Pure or real vanilla extract must contain vanilla beans, water and alcohol in order to be called ‘pure’. Imitation extract must also contain these three ingredients but can have other flavors to help boost the vanilla taste. Vanilla flavoring uses synthetic vanillin instead of vanilla beans to achieve the vanilla flavor.The word “fold” indicates concentration in liquid vanilla extracts and synthetics. Single fold (written 1x) is the standard concentrate of pure vanilla extract. Double fold (2x) is twice as strong, and so forth. Concentrations can go up to 20-fold, but the extract isn’t real stable above four fold.West Indian Vanilla (Vanilla pompona): a lovely plant with large glossy green leaves and long thin stems up to 5 meters long. Native to Mexico, and South Tropical America. Bunches of fragrant flowers open in succession and produce long pods. Flat-leaved vanilla (Vanilla planifolia): one of the largest plants, this cultivar grows up to 30 …Opened in Spring 2020 inspired by the Grand Bakeries of Europe, we proudly serve hand-made artisanal baked goods and world famous cookies in the Lake Shore Village … 2 cups heavy cream, preferably organic and not ultra-pasteurized; 2 cups half-and-half, preferably organic, or 1 cup additional heavy cream plus 1 cup whole milk; ½ vanilla bean, split lengthwise and seeds scraped out with the tip of a sharp knife, or 3 tablespoons (about 8 bags) loose Earl Grey tea plus 1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract 2 cups full-fat milk, 2 egg yolks, 3 tbsp cornstarch. In a medium saucepan, place the rest of the milk, milk powder (if using), sugar and salt. Heat over medium heat and whisk to dissolve the sugar and …Fund the 8.4% dividend with a mixture of payouts and price gains. Dish us 15.5 cents monthly. Rinse and repeat. He’s good at what he does. We’ve held UTF twice …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Vanilla. Ingredients: Organic cream, organic raw cane sugar*, organic eggs, organic vanilla, organic guar gum, organic locust bean gum. *Certified Fair Trade. Certified …Once churned, transfer the ice cream to a large freezer-safe container and smooth with a spoon. Top with parchment paper and freeze for at least 2 hours or until firm. Set out for 10-15 minutes before serving to soften slightly. Store in the freezer well covered for up to 1 month.4 days ago · vanilla, (genus Vanilla ), any member of a group of tropical climbing orchids (family Orchidaceae) and the flavouring agent extracted from their pods. The vanilla beans of commerce are the cured unripe fruit of Mexican or Bourbon vanilla ( Vanilla planifolia ), Tahiti vanilla ( V. tahitensis ), and occasionally West Indian vanilla ( V. pompona ... vanniall.com. ♡ vanniall ♡. Follow. 172 Following. 23.6K Followers. 363.5K Likes. 🍉💕. Videos. Liked. 1573. 3410. i like this beat 🎶♡. 2845. 13.6K. I messed up lol. 5902. waytoopushy💖💕. …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.As far as substitutions go, 1 teaspoon of vanilla extract is equal to one 2-inch piece of vanilla bean, so 1 typical vanilla bean will equal 3 teaspoons extract. As for vanilla paste, there are usually directions on each jar indicating proper equivalencies, so consult that first as the concentrations can differ. Related:The vanilla plant is a beautiful evergreen vine, with plentiful and stout leaves between 6 - 9 inches (15 - 22 cm), which climbs and attaches to tree trunks and other supports by its fleshy roots. Native to South East Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama, vanilla grows in the tropical zones of the equator around the world.Description. Vanilla Chemfuel Expanded - Unofficial Expansion was created to utilize the pipelines' framework created by Vanilla Expanded Team. It builds and …The Contentious, Ancient Origins Of Vanilla. Vanilla is the world's second-most expensive spice and comes from the vanilla planifolia plant, a member of the orchid family. Though there are over 25,000 …Instead, about 99 percent of the world’s vanilla comes from synthetic sources such as vanillin, a cheaper and less labor-intensive alternative to harvesting vanilla beans or castoreum. So, while ...Step. 1 Cut the vanilla beans in half lengthwise with scissors or a knife. Leave a bit intact at the end if desired. Cut the beans down to fit the height of your jar if necessary. Step. 2 Put the beans in an 8-ounce jar. Cover with the vodka. Screw the lid on and give it a good shake. Step.It’s pretty simple to make a dairy-free alternative to sweetened condensed milk and evaporated milk. To make dairy-free sweetened condensed milk, simmer the following ingredients on the stove until it is nice and thick: 1 can full-fat coconut milk. 2/3 cup granulated sugar. Dairy-free evaporated milk is also really simple.Dec 9, 2022 · Pure vanilla extract captures the full complexity, while imitation vanilla is largely just a big hit of pure vanillin. When you heat either product, as we do during baking, we drive off lots of volatile aromas. That’s why the kitchen smells great when you bake these cookies. But during that process, we largely lose the nuance of the real deal. Preheat the oven, prep loaf pan, and beat butter and sugar: Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Butter and flour a 6-cup (8 1/2-by-4 1/2-inch) loaf pan; set aside. Using an electric mixer on high speed, beat butter and sugar until light and fluffy. Brie Goldman.Shaggy, Vanilla Ice, Beatles tribute band to perform at Charleston Sternwheel Regatta. by SHANNON STOWERS, KRISTOFER PLONA. Tue, April 23rd 2024 at 3:27 …Most commercially available vanilla is sourced from Mexico, Madagascar, and Tahiti. But you may find vanilla from India, Indonesia, Uganda, Papua New Guinea, and parts of South America too. (Just ...What is vanilla? Vanilla is one of those ingredients that transforms any dish into decadent deliciousness with a simple flick of its magical pixie dust. But what is …vanilla: [noun] vanilla bean. a commercially important extract of the vanilla bean that is used especially as a flavoring.Fund the 8.4% dividend with a mixture of payouts and price gains. Dish us 15.5 cents monthly. Rinse and repeat. He’s good at what he does. We’ve held UTF twice …Vanilla is a plant. The bean (fruit) is commonly used for flavoring, but it is also used to make medicine. Because vanilla extract can be expensive, lab-produced vanillin is usually used as a ...Directions. For the ice cream: Whisk together the condensed milk, vanilla and salt in a large bowl; set aside. Whip the cream with a mixer on medium-high speed until firm peaks form, about 2 ...What is vanilla? Vanilla is a spice derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla. It’s grown within 10-20 degrees of the equator and is a major crop of Madagascar, …In the mid-1990s, if you wanted a pound of vanilla, all you needed was a ten-dollar bill and a decently functional sack, and at the end of the day, you would still have another dollar to spare. But as of 2016, vanilla beans cost nearly $115 per pound. For some sellers, the price is even higher now. Celebrate a friend's birthday or a loved one's wedding shower with a Vanilla Visa Gift Card. Show your appreciation to clients, employees and business partners with the gift of choice. The possibilities are endless! We offer prepaid Visa gift cards in a variety of patterns and designs. Purchase gift cards in denominations ranging from $10 to $500. Bourbon vanilla was named after Ile de Bourbon (now Reunion Island), off the coast of Madagascar. Today, all vanilla grown in Madagascar is Bourbon. It has a classic vanilla aroma, with tobacco and woody notes. Tahitian Vanilla: The less-common species, Tahitian vanilla, originated from Mexican stock. It was crossbred in the 1700s to …Nov 14, 2023 · November 14, 2023. • 6 min read. Are there beaver secretions in your vanilla ice cream? The short answer: Probably not. News articles or food influencers on social media might have you believe ... Beaver castoreum (the goo-like vanilla-scented secretion that comes from beavers’ castor sacs, located, yes, in close proximity to their anal glands) has been used as a food additive for much of the last century. It’s recognized as safe by the FDA and could, in theory, sneak onto ingredients lists under the label of “ natural flavorings.Shaggy, Vanilla Ice, Beatles tribute band to perform at Charleston Sternwheel Regatta. by SHANNON STOWERS, KRISTOFER PLONA. Tue, April 23rd 2024 at 3:27 …Ashley Lake)" data-caption="Vanniall with GMO, one of her three black cats. (Photo: Ashley Lake)" data-rich-caption="Vanniall with GMO, one of her three black cats ... Vanniall Porn Videos on Timekiller Dot Fucking Com. VANNIALL GIVES HERSELF A SWEET FACIAL 6 MIN PORNHUB. VANNIALL SHOOTS FOR THE STARS 24 MIN PORNHUB. JAMIE KELLY VANNIALL FINALLY TRAILER 1 MIN PORNHUB. VANNIALL JACKING OFF RGB WAVEFORM SOUND ON THIS HAS GOT TO BE SOMEONES FETISH 1 MIN PORNHUB. TS CAMGIRL VANNIALL ORGASM AND CUM PLAY HUGE COCK ... Vanilla is a spice derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily obtained from pods of the flat-leaved vanilla ( V. planifolia ). [1] Vanilla is not autogamous, so pollination is required to make the plants produce …McCormick's vanilla has all the qualities pure vanilla extract should have: a strong, floral-like sweetness with hints of bourbon, rum and dried fruit. We go the extra mile to ensure the pure vanilla taste and aroma is the same in every bottle. And we are proud to invest in our farmers: 1. Supporting higher incomes and resiliency for thousands ...Set aside. Beat sugar and butter in large bowl with electric mixer on medium speed until light and fluffy. Add eggs and vanilla; mix well. Gradually beat in flour mixture on low speed until well mixed. 2 Refrigerate dough 2 hours or until firm. 3 Preheat oven to 400°F. Shape dough into 1-inch balls. Roll in additional sugar or Colored Sugar.The vanilla plant is a beautiful evergreen vine, with plentiful and stout leaves between 6 - 9 inches (15 - 22 cm), which climbs and attaches to tree trunks and other supports by its fleshy roots. Native to South East Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama, vanilla grows in the tropical zones of the equator around the world.Jul 1, 2021 · At its most basic sense, Vanilla flavor comes from the vanilla bean. While that answer might sound sarcastic, it actually isn’t: by and large, the flavor that we understand to be ‘vanilla’ comes from the plant that it’s derived from. But here’s where it gets tricky: vanilla is used in such a wide variety of foods that vanilla flavor ... Summary. Vanilla essence is a more processed product that’s made using artificial flavors and colors. Vanilla extract, on the other hand, is made primarily from vanilla beans soaked in ethyl ...Crafting Tweaks. Starting from Minecraft version 1.11. Resource packs can alter textures, sounds and models. For example change your crosshair or select a new menu …Fund the 8.4% dividend with a mixture of payouts and price gains. Dish us 15.5 cents monthly. Rinse and repeat. He’s good at what he does. We’ve held UTF twice …Mar 12, 2024 · Make homemade vanilla extract using leftover vanilla beans. In an airtight jar, add three to four used beans, water and alcohol using a ratio of 2/3 alcohol to 1/3 water. A neutral spirit is ideal, but you can use rum, vodka, bourbon or any type you’d like. Let the beans steep for a few weeks before using. Vanniall Porn Videos on Timekiller Dot Fucking Com. VANNIALL GIVES HERSELF A SWEET FACIAL 6 MIN PORNHUB. VANNIALL SHOOTS FOR THE STARS 24 MIN …Feb 8, 2022 · A chemical compound used in vanilla flavouring and scents comes from the anal glands of beavers. Castoreum is a substance that is produced by a beaver’s castor sac, which is found between the ... Apr 26, 2023 · Vanilla also comes in a variety of forms - not just a liquid extract. So if you have vanilla powder or paste or beans on hand, they can also easily be substituted for the extract called for in ... For instance, taking some chemical constituents from corn and making vanilla that tastes great in ice cream. Technically, the flavor is derived from a natural substance. The FDA defines the term “natural flavor” as anything derived from something a normal person would consider food. For instance, corn, cloves, and rice bran all contain ...It's not too far of a stretch to say that we've seen this SAT-ish synonym match in real-life: vanilla is to whiteness :: chocolate is to blackness. Metaphors like this don't work in isolation ...Find 21 different ways to say VANILLA, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com.Breyers Ice Cream HA NAT Vanilla 1.5 QTPure vanilla is absolutely worth the price. It adds a distinctive warm, round, sweet note to anything it is added to. Extract adds a hint of this, but the real thing instantly brings your baked goods and desserts to a much higher level. I don’t ever think it should be optional, even though it’s often listed as so.431 Likes, TikTok video from мастер. (@misster_raiell): “идея не моя #jungkook #bts_official_bighit #виртовские #btsforever #7 #приколы #смешноевидео”. JUDAS …Jun 13, 2023 · Summary. Vanilla essence is a more processed product that’s made using artificial flavors and colors. Vanilla extract, on the other hand, is made primarily from vanilla beans soaked in ethyl ... Vanillin is an organic compound with the molecular formula C 8 H 8 O 3. It is a phenolic aldehyde. Its functional groups include aldehyde, hydroxyl, and ether. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin is now used more often than natural vanilla extract as a flavoring in foods, beverages, and ... The word “fold” indicates concentration in liquid vanilla extracts and synthetics. Single fold (written 1x) is the standard concentrate of pure vanilla extract. Double fold (2x) is twice as strong, and so forth. Concentrations can go up to 20-fold, but the extract isn’t real stable above four fold.Vanilla consumption took off in the budding United States shortly thereafter, largely thanks to Thomas Jefferson, who was known to add it to his ice cream. Jefferson assembled one of the earliest ... 2 cups heavy cream, preferably organic and not ultra-pasteurized; 2 cups half-and-half, preferably organic, or 1 cup additional heavy cream plus 1 cup whole milk; ½ vanilla bean, split lengthwise and seeds scraped out with the tip of a sharp knife, or 3 tablespoons (about 8 bags) loose Earl Grey tea plus 1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract Vanilla extract recipe: Ingredients: Vodka (brandy, bourbon or rum can be used as alternatives), five to six vanilla beans, a jar & time! Directions: Cut the vanilla bean in half, lengthwise ... Vanilla planifolia, flower Dried vanilla beans. Vanilla is a spice derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily obtained from pods of the flat-leaved vanilla (V. planifolia). Vanilla is not autogamous, so pollination is required to make the plants produce the fruit from which the vanilla spice is obtained. Preheat the oven, prep loaf pan, and beat butter and sugar: Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Butter and flour a 6-cup (8 1/2-by-4 1/2-inch) loaf pan; set aside. Using an electric mixer on high speed, beat butter and sugar until light and fluffy. Brie Goldman.
The flat-leaved vanilla orchid ( Vanilla planifolia) is a vine-like tropical plant with dark, leathery leaves that produces ornate, pale green flowers. Up until the mid-19th century, vanilla .... Solo squirts
Vanilla planifolia, flower Dried vanilla beans. Vanilla is a spice derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily obtained from pods of the flat-leaved vanilla (V. planifolia). Vanilla is not autogamous, so pollination is required to make the plants produce the fruit from which the vanilla spice is obtained. My companion got the Tiramisu Pancakes ($10), a gourmet-looking concoction of vanilla mascarpone, hazelnut spread, cashews and cocoa and espresso …Producing Vanilla Extract. Once the beans arrive at the extraction facility, they are ground into small pieces, exposing the seeds inside the pod, which contain the various volatile essential oils that produce the distinctive flavors and aromas of pure vanilla. The main one is a molecule called vanillin, although there are hundreds of others ...Directions. For the ice cream: Whisk together the condensed milk, vanilla and salt in a large bowl; set aside. Whip the cream with a mixer on medium-high speed until firm peaks form, about 2 ...Feb 8, 2022 · A chemical compound used in vanilla flavouring and scents comes from the anal glands of beavers. Castoreum is a substance that is produced by a beaver’s castor sac, which is found between the ... A splash of vanilla extract in your Old-Fashioned is a clever way to put a new twist on a classic cocktail. Nielsen-Massey’s Hazelnut Old-Fashioned is pure genius. And it’s a killer combo—bourbon has plenty of vanilla notes, which is one of the reasons this brown spirit is so good to cook with. Get Recipe. 4 / 9. Courtesy Kitchen Treaty.In the mid-1990s, if you wanted a pound of vanilla, all you needed was a ten-dollar bill and a decently functional sack, and at the end of the day, you would still have another dollar to spare. But as of 2016, vanilla beans cost nearly $115 per pound. For some sellers, the price is even higher now.Crafting Tweaks. Starting from Minecraft version 1.11. Resource packs can alter textures, sounds and models. For example change your crosshair or select a new menu …It's not too far of a stretch to say that we've seen this SAT-ish synonym match in real-life: vanilla is to whiteness :: chocolate is to blackness. Metaphors like this don't work in isolation ...Nov 23, 2022 · Phosphorous: 0.25 milligrams. Potassium: 6.22 milligrams. Nutrients per Serving. One teaspoon (4.2 grams) of vanilla extract — an amount common in many baking recipes — contains small amounts ... If you’re whipping up a batch of chocolate chip cookies, it’s probably okay to use extract. How to use: Pour the extract out of the bottle into a clean teaspoon. Since the liquid is so thin, it shouldn’t stick to the measuring spoon. Conversion: Each teaspoon of vanilla extract equals 1 teaspoon of vanilla bean paste or a 2-inch piece of ...Feb 8, 2022 · A chemical compound used in vanilla flavouring and scents comes from the anal glands of beavers. Castoreum is a substance that is produced by a beaver’s castor sac, which is found between the ... NATIVE INTERNET WEB RADIO PLAYER PLUGIN FOR SHOUTCAST, ICECAST AND RADIONOMY Sodah Webdesign Mainz. → Upgrade to ULTRA SOUND EXPERIENCE ←. Last Played Tracks. Vanilla Radio fresh flavors, a quality selection of music from around the world.Refresh your music trends 24/7 for free or try our PREMIUM Background Music …11. Singing Dog Vanilla. Good Eggs. Singing Dog Vanilla offers a range of vanilla products including extracts, lip balms, pods, pastes, and syrups. A 4-ounce container of its pure organic extract ...Learn everything you need to know about vanilla, from its origin and cultivation to its varieties and applications. Find out how to choose, store, and use …Directions. For the ice cream: Whisk together the condensed milk, vanilla and salt in a large bowl; set aside. Whip the cream with a mixer on medium-high speed until firm peaks form, about 2 ....